Episode 8 — Aptitude and Reasoning / 8.25 — Sentence Ordering

8.25 -- Practice MCQs: Sentence Ordering

Instructions: Each question presents 4 to 6 jumbled sentences labelled P, Q, R, S (and sometimes T and U). Choose the option that gives the correct order.

Target Time: 60--90 seconds per question.

Questions

Q1.

P. He is regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time.
Q. Isaac Newton was born in England in 1643.
R. His work laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
S. He discovered the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

(a) Q S R P (b) Q R S P (c) P Q S R (d) S Q R P

Q2.

P. This revolution transformed economies from agrarian to industrial.
Q. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century.
R. Factories replaced cottage industries, and cities grew rapidly.
S. As a result, millions of people migrated from rural areas to urban centres.

(a) Q P R S (b) P Q R S (c) Q R P S (d) R Q P S

Q3.

P. They provide oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide, and support biodiversity.
Q. Deforestation, however, is destroying these vital ecosystems at an alarming rate.
R. Forests are among the most important natural resources on Earth.
S. Governments must take strict measures to protect the remaining forest cover.

(a) R P Q S (b) R Q P S (c) P R Q S (d) Q R P S

Q4.

P. For instance, smartphones now have more computing power than early space mission computers.
Q. Technology has advanced at an unprecedented pace in the last few decades.
R. This rapid advancement has both benefits and challenges for society.
S. Artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology are reshaping industries worldwide.

(a) Q S P R (b) Q P S R (c) S Q P R (d) Q P R S

Q5.

P. She won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and in Chemistry in 1911.
Q. Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1867.
R. Her research on radioactivity paved the way for advances in medical treatment.
S. She moved to Paris to pursue her studies and later married Pierre Curie.
T. She remains the only person to have won Nobel Prizes in two different sciences.

(a) Q S P T R (b) Q S R P T (c) Q P S T R (d) S Q P R T

Q6.

P. This makes them an excellent source of nutrition for people of all ages.
Q. They are rich in protein, calcium, and several essential vitamins.
R. Milk and dairy products have been a staple in human diets for centuries.
S. However, some people are lactose intolerant and must seek alternative sources.

(a) R Q P S (b) Q R P S (c) R P Q S (d) R Q S P

Q7.

P. These emissions trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise.
Q. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions.
R. Climate change poses a serious threat to the planet's ecosystems.
S. To combat this, nations signed the Paris Agreement in 2015.
T. Rising temperatures lead to melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather.

(a) R Q P T S (b) Q P R T S (c) R P Q T S (d) Q R P S T

Q8.

P. It involves the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next.
Q. Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, is considered the father of genetics.
R. Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity.
S. His experiments with pea plants in the 1860s established the fundamental laws of inheritance.
T. These laws remain central to modern biology and medicine.

(a) R P Q S T (b) Q S R P T (c) R Q P S T (d) Q R P S T

Q9.

P. Despite this, millions of children around the world still lack access to basic education.
Q. It empowers individuals, reduces poverty, and promotes social equality.
R. Education is widely recognised as a fundamental human right.
S. International organisations like UNESCO are working to bridge this gap.

(a) R Q P S (b) R P Q S (c) Q R P S (d) R Q S P

Q10.

P. He began his career as a lawyer in South Africa.
Q. Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat.
R. It was there that he first experienced racial discrimination and began his fight for justice.
S. He returned to India in 1915 and led the independence movement against British rule.
T. His philosophy of non-violence inspired civil rights movements worldwide.

(a) Q P R S T (b) Q S P R T (c) P Q R S T (d) Q P S R T

Q11.

P. Moreover, regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases.
Q. Exercise is essential for maintaining both physical and mental health.
R. Simple activities like walking, cycling, or swimming can make a significant difference.
S. It improves cardiovascular fitness, strengthens muscles, and boosts mood.

(a) Q S P R (b) Q P S R (c) S Q P R (d) Q R S P

Q12.

P. These pollutants enter rivers, lakes, and oceans, harming aquatic life.
Q. Water pollution is caused by industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage discharge.
R. Contaminated water also poses serious health risks to human beings.
S. Strict regulations and better waste management are needed to address this problem.

(a) Q P R S (b) P Q R S (c) Q R P S (d) R Q P S

Q13.

P. He made his first-class debut in 1988 and quickly rose to prominence.
Q. Sachin Tendulkar is widely regarded as one of the greatest cricketers of all time.
R. Over his 24-year career, he scored over 34,000 runs in international cricket.
S. He was only 16 years old when he played his first Test match against Pakistan.
T. His records and achievements remain unmatched in the history of the sport.

(a) Q P S R T (b) Q S P R T (c) P Q S R T (d) Q P R S T

Q14.

P. This discovery revolutionised the field of medicine.
Q. In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould had killed bacteria in his petri dish.
R. However, the widespread use of antibiotics has led to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria.
S. The substance produced by the mould was later identified as penicillin.
T. Today, antibiotic resistance is considered one of the biggest threats to global health.

(a) Q S P R T (b) Q P S R T (c) S Q P R T (d) Q S R P T

Q15.

P. These waves can travel across entire ocean basins.
Q. A tsunami is a series of ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
R. When they reach shallow coastal waters, they slow down and increase dramatically in height.
S. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed over 230,000 people across 14 countries.
T. Early warning systems have since been developed to minimise casualties.

(a) Q P R S T (b) Q R P S T (c) P Q R S T (d) Q P S R T

Q16.

P. Unlike traditional classrooms, online platforms allow students to learn at their own pace.
Q. The rise of the internet has transformed the way people access education.
R. However, challenges such as the digital divide and lack of personal interaction remain.
S. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have made quality education accessible to millions.
T. Bridging these gaps will be crucial for the future of digital education.

(a) Q S P R T (b) Q P S R T (c) S Q P R T (d) Q P R S T

Q17.

P. Subsequently, the information is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
Q. The human eye is a remarkable organ that enables us to perceive the world.
R. Light enters the eye through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina.
S. The brain then processes this information to create the images we see.

(a) Q R P S (b) R Q P S (c) Q P R S (d) R P Q S

Q18.

P. Such biodiversity makes rainforests vital for maintaining ecological balance.
Q. Tropical rainforests cover only about 6% of the Earth's surface.
R. Yet they are home to more than half of the world's plant and animal species.
S. Sadly, deforestation is destroying about 18 million acres of rainforest every year.
T. Conservation efforts must be intensified to preserve these irreplaceable ecosystems.

(a) Q R P S T (b) Q P R S T (c) R Q P S T (d) Q R S P T

Q19.

P. These languages carry centuries of culture, tradition, and knowledge.
Q. India is a linguistically diverse country with over 1,600 spoken languages.
R. The government has launched several programmes to document and preserve endangered languages.
S. However, many of these languages are at risk of extinction.

(a) Q P S R (b) Q S P R (c) P Q S R (d) Q P R S

Q20.

P. His plays, such as "Hamlet" and "Macbeth," explore timeless themes of power, love, and betrayal.
Q. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564.
R. He is often called the greatest writer in the English language.
S. He wrote approximately 37 plays and 154 sonnets during his career.
T. His works continue to be performed and studied around the world today.

(a) Q R S P T (b) Q S P R T (c) R Q S P T (d) Q R P S T

Q21.

P. The nutrients from the food are then absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
Q. Digestion is the process by which the body breaks down food into smaller components.
R. It begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva.
S. The food then passes through the oesophagus into the stomach, where acids break it down further.
T. Waste products are finally eliminated from the body through the large intestine.

(a) Q R S P T (b) Q S R P T (c) R Q S P T (d) Q R P S T

Q22.

P. They argued that such a system would make the government more accountable to the people.
Q. The framers of the Indian Constitution chose a parliamentary form of government.
R. This system has served India well for over seven decades.
S. In this system, the executive is drawn from and responsible to the legislature.

(a) Q S P R (b) Q P S R (c) S Q P R (d) Q S R P

Q23.

P. The satellite orbits the Earth and collects data about weather, terrain, and natural resources.
Q. India's space programme began in 1962 under the leadership of Vikram Sarabhai.
R. In 1975, India launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, with Soviet assistance.
S. Today, ISRO is recognised as one of the world's most cost-effective space agencies.
T. This early success paved the way for more ambitious missions, including Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan.

(a) Q R P T S (b) Q R T P S (c) R Q P T S (d) Q P R T S

Q24.

P. Without bees, many crops would fail, leading to food shortages.
Q. Bees play a crucial role in the pollination of flowering plants.
R. Pesticide use, habitat loss, and climate change are the main factors behind this decline.
S. Unfortunately, bee populations worldwide have been declining at an alarming rate.
T. Efforts to protect bee habitats and restrict harmful pesticides are urgently needed.

(a) Q P S R T (b) Q S R P T (c) S Q P R T (d) Q P R S T

Q25.

P. This process, known as evaporation, is driven by the sun's energy.
Q. The water cycle is a continuous natural process that circulates water through the environment.
R. Water from oceans, rivers, and lakes rises into the atmosphere as vapour.
S. The vapour cools and condenses to form clouds, which eventually produce precipitation.
T. The precipitation falls back to Earth as rain or snow, completing the cycle.

(a) Q R P S T (b) Q P R S T (c) R Q P S T (d) Q R S P T

Q26.

P. It was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in 1976.
Q. Apple Inc. is one of the most valuable companies in the world.
R. The launch of the iPhone in 2007 revolutionised the smartphone industry.
S. The company initially focused on personal computers before expanding into consumer electronics.
T. Today, Apple's products and services are used by billions of people globally.

(a) Q P S R T (b) Q S P R T (c) P Q S R T (d) Q P R S T

Q27.

P. After several failed attempts, the Wright brothers finally achieved sustained flight on 17 December 1903.
Q. For centuries, humans dreamed of flying like birds.
R. This historic achievement at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, lasted only 12 seconds.
S. Many inventors attempted to build flying machines, but most designs failed.
T. Nevertheless, it marked the beginning of the age of aviation.

(a) Q S P R T (b) Q P S R T (c) S Q P R T (d) Q S R P T

Q28.

P. These reserves hold a significant portion of the world's remaining crude oil.
Q. The Middle East has been a centre of geopolitical importance for decades.
R. Control over these resources has often led to conflicts in the region.
S. One of the primary reasons is its vast reserves of petroleum.
T. International diplomacy continues to play a key role in maintaining stability in the area.

(a) Q S P R T (b) Q P S R T (c) S Q P R T (d) Q S R P T

Q29.

P. She started learning music at the age of five.
Q. Lata Mangeshkar was born on 28 September 1929 in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
R. Her melodious voice earned her the title "Nightingale of India."
S. Over a career spanning more than seven decades, she recorded songs in over 36 languages.
T. She was honoured with the Bharat Ratna in 2001 for her extraordinary contribution to music.

(a) Q P R S T (b) Q P S R T (c) Q R P S T (d) P Q R S T

Q30.

P. Yoga combines physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation.
Q. Yoga originated in ancient India thousands of years ago.
R. In 2015, the United Nations declared 21 June as International Yoga Day.
S. It has gained immense popularity worldwide for its health benefits.
T. This global recognition reflects the growing awareness of yoga's value.

(a) Q P S R T (b) Q S P R T (c) P Q S R T (d) Q P R S T

Q31.

P. This discovery confirmed a key prediction of Einstein's general theory of relativity.
Q. In 2015, scientists at LIGO detected gravitational waves for the first time.
R. Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time caused by massive cosmic events.
S. The detection opened up an entirely new way of observing the universe.
T. The researchers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017.

(a) R Q P S T (b) Q R P S T (c) R Q P T S (d) Q P R S T

Q32.

P. The soil in these regions is typically thin and nutrient-poor.
Q. Deserts are arid regions that receive very little rainfall throughout the year.
R. Despite these harsh conditions, many plants and animals have adapted to survive there.
S. Temperatures can be extreme, with scorching days and freezing nights.
T. Cacti, for example, store water in their stems to endure long dry periods.

(a) Q S P R T (b) Q P S R T (c) S Q P R T (d) Q S R P T

Answer Key

Q	Answer	Correct Order
1	(a)	Q S R P
2	(a)	Q P R S
3	(a)	R P Q S
4	(b)	Q P S R
5	(a)	Q S P T R
6	(a)	R Q P S
7	(a)	R Q P T S
8	(a)	R P Q S T
9	(a)	R Q P S
10	(a)	Q P R S T
11	(a)	Q S P R
12	(a)	Q P R S
13	(a)	Q P S R T
14	(a)	Q S P R T
15	(a)	Q P R S T
16	(a)	Q S P R T
17	(a)	Q R P S
18	(a)	Q R P S T
19	(a)	Q P S R
20	(a)	Q R S P T
21	(a)	Q R S P T
22	(a)	Q S P R
23	(a)	Q R P T S
24	(a)	Q P S R T
25	(a)	Q R P S T
26	(a)	Q P S R T
27	(a)	Q S P R T
28	(a)	Q S P R T
29	(a)	Q P R S T
30	(a)	Q P S R T
31	(a)	R Q P S T
32	(a)	Q S P R T

Detailed Explanations

Q1. Correct Order: Q S R P

Q introduces Isaac Newton by full name and birth details -- opening sentence.
S "He discovered" -- pronoun "He" refers to Newton in Q; describes his key discoveries.
R "His work laid the foundation" -- "His work" refers to the discoveries in S.
P "He is regarded as one of the greatest" -- concluding assessment of his legacy.

Q2. Correct Order: Q P R S

Q introduces the Industrial Revolution with time and place -- opening.
P "This revolution transformed" -- "This revolution" directly refers to Q.
R "Factories replaced cottage industries" -- specific detail about the transformation in P.
S "As a result" -- consequence of the factory growth mentioned in R.

Q3. Correct Order: R P Q S

R introduces the broad topic: forests as important natural resources -- opening.
P "They provide oxygen" -- "They" refers to forests in R.
Q "Deforestation, however" -- "However" introduces a contrast to the positive role in P.
S "Governments must take strict measures" -- conclusion/call to action.

Q4. Correct Order: Q P S R

Q introduces the theme: technology advancing rapidly -- opening.
P "For instance" -- gives an example of the rapid advancement mentioned in Q.
S "Artificial intelligence, robotics" -- continues listing technological advances.
R "This rapid advancement has both benefits and challenges" -- concluding assessment.

Q5. Correct Order: Q S P T R

Q introduces Marie Curie by full name, birth details -- opening.
S "She moved to Paris" -- chronologically follows birth; "She" refers to Curie.
P "She won the Nobel Prize" -- achievement after establishing career in Paris.
T "She remains the only person" -- emphasises uniqueness of the double Nobel.
R "Her research on radioactivity paved the way" -- lasting legacy; closing sentence.

Q6. Correct Order: R Q P S

R introduces milk and dairy products as a dietary staple -- opening.
Q "They are rich in protein" -- "They" refers to milk and dairy products in R.
P "This makes them an excellent source" -- "This" refers to the nutritional value in Q.
S "However, some people are lactose intolerant" -- contrast/caveat as conclusion.

Q7. Correct Order: R Q P T S

R introduces the broad topic: climate change as a serious threat -- opening.
Q "The burning of fossil fuels" -- explains the primary cause.
P "These emissions trap heat" -- "These emissions" refers to greenhouse gases in Q.
T "Rising temperatures lead to" -- specific consequences of the warming in P.
S "To combat this" -- nations' response; concluding action.

Q8. Correct Order: R P Q S T

R defines genetics -- opening with a definition.
P "It involves the transfer" -- "It" refers to genetics/heredity in R.
Q Introduces Gregor Mendel -- the father of the field just defined.
S "His experiments with pea plants" -- "His" refers to Mendel in Q.
T "These laws remain central" -- "These laws" refers to laws of inheritance in S; closing.

Q9. Correct Order: R Q P S

R introduces education as a fundamental human right -- opening.
Q "It empowers individuals" -- "It" refers to education in R.
P "Despite this, millions of children" -- contrast to the positive role of education.
S "International organisations like UNESCO" -- response to the problem in P; conclusion.

Q10. Correct Order: Q P R S T

Q introduces Gandhi by full name with birth details -- opening.
P "He began his career as a lawyer in South Africa" -- chronological next step.
R "It was there" -- "there" refers to South Africa in P.
S "He returned to India in 1915" -- chronologically follows South Africa.
T "His philosophy of non-violence inspired" -- lasting legacy; closing.

Q11. Correct Order: Q S P R

Q introduces the topic: exercise is essential -- opening.
S "It improves cardiovascular fitness" -- "It" refers to exercise in Q.
P "Moreover, regular physical activity reduces" -- "Moreover" adds more benefits.
R "Simple activities like walking" -- practical advice; closing.

Q12. Correct Order: Q P R S

Q introduces water pollution and its causes -- opening.
P "These pollutants enter rivers" -- "These pollutants" refers to waste/runoff in Q.
R "Contaminated water also poses" -- additional consequence.
S "Strict regulations" -- solution/call to action; closing.

Q13. Correct Order: Q P S R T

Q introduces Sachin Tendulkar as one of the greatest -- opening.
P "He made his first-class debut in 1988" -- career beginning.
S "He was only 16 years old" -- specific detail about early career.
R "Over his 24-year career" -- career summary with stats.
T "His records and achievements remain unmatched" -- legacy; closing.

Q14. Correct Order: Q S P R T

Q introduces the 1928 event with Alexander Fleming -- opening.
S "The substance produced by the mould" -- identifies it as penicillin.
P "This discovery revolutionised" -- "This discovery" refers to penicillin in S.
R "However, widespread use has led to" -- contrasts the positive with a negative.
T "Today, antibiotic resistance is" -- current status; closing.

Q15. Correct Order: Q P R S T

Q defines a tsunami -- opening.
P "These waves can travel" -- "These waves" refers to the ocean waves in Q.
R "When they reach shallow coastal waters" -- "they" refers to the waves; describes what happens next.
S "The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami" -- real-world example of the devastation.
T "Early warning systems have since been developed" -- response/conclusion.

Q16. Correct Order: Q S P R T

Q introduces the broad theme: internet transforming education -- opening.
S "MOOCs have made quality education accessible" -- specific example of Q.
P "Unlike traditional classrooms" -- expands on how online platforms differ.
R "However, challenges such as" -- contrast/caveat.
T "Bridging these gaps" -- forward-looking conclusion.

Q17. Correct Order: Q R P S

Q introduces the human eye -- opening.
R "Light enters the eye through the cornea" -- begins the process description.
P "Subsequently, the information is transmitted" -- next step; "Subsequently" signals sequence.
S "The brain then processes" -- final step; "then" signals it follows P.

Q18. Correct Order: Q R P S T

Q introduces rainforests with a fact (6% of Earth's surface) -- opening.
R "Yet they are home to" -- "Yet" contrasts the small area with the huge biodiversity.
P "Such biodiversity makes" -- "Such biodiversity" refers to the species richness in R.
S "Sadly, deforestation is destroying" -- introduces the threat.
T "Conservation efforts must be intensified" -- call to action; closing.

Q19. Correct Order: Q P S R

Q introduces India's linguistic diversity -- opening.
P "These languages carry centuries of culture" -- "These languages" refers to the 1,600 languages in Q.
S "However, many of these languages are at risk" -- contrast/threat.
R "The government has launched programmes" -- response to the threat; closing.

Q20. Correct Order: Q R S P T

Q introduces Shakespeare by full name and birth -- opening.
R "He is often called the greatest writer" -- general acclaim.
S "He wrote approximately 37 plays" -- career output.
P "His plays, such as Hamlet and Macbeth" -- specific examples from the plays mentioned in S.
T "His works continue to be performed" -- lasting legacy; closing.

Q21. Correct Order: Q R S P T

Q defines digestion -- opening.
R "It begins in the mouth" -- "It" refers to digestion; first step.
S "The food then passes through the oesophagus" -- second step; "then" signals sequence.
P "The nutrients from the food are then absorbed" -- third step.
T "Waste products are finally eliminated" -- final step; "finally" signals closing.

Q22. Correct Order: Q S P R

Q introduces the topic: framers chose parliamentary government -- opening.
S "In this system, the executive is drawn from" -- "this system" refers to parliamentary system in Q.
P "They argued that such a system" -- "They" refers to the framers; "such a system" refers to the one described in S.
R "This system has served India well" -- concluding assessment.

Q23. Correct Order: Q R P T S

Q introduces India's space programme with its origin -- opening.
R "In 1975, India launched its first satellite" -- chronological next event.
P "The satellite orbits the Earth" -- "The satellite" refers to Aryabhata in R.
T "This early success paved the way" -- "This early success" refers to Aryabhata; bridge to later missions.
S "Today, ISRO is recognised as" -- current status; closing.

Q24. Correct Order: Q P S R T

Q introduces bees' role in pollination -- opening.
P "Without bees, many crops would fail" -- importance of bees (follows from Q).
S "Unfortunately, bee populations have been declining" -- introduces the problem.
R "Pesticide use, habitat loss" -- explains causes of the decline in S.
T "Efforts to protect bee habitats" -- solution; closing.

Q25. Correct Order: Q R P S T

Q introduces the water cycle -- opening.
R "Water from oceans rises" -- first step of the cycle.
P "This process, known as evaporation" -- names the process described in R.
S "The vapour cools and condenses" -- next step after evaporation.
T "The precipitation falls back" -- final step; "completing the cycle" closes the loop.

Q26. Correct Order: Q P S R T

Q introduces Apple Inc. -- opening.
P "It was founded by" -- "It" refers to Apple; founding details.
S "The company initially focused on personal computers" -- early history.
R "The launch of the iPhone in 2007" -- later milestone.
T "Today, Apple's products" -- current status; closing.

Q27. Correct Order: Q S P R T

Q introduces the dream of flying -- opening (broad/historical context).
S "Many inventors attempted" -- early efforts.
P "After several failed attempts, the Wright brothers" -- successful attempt.
R "This historic achievement" -- "This" refers to the flight in P; provides detail.
T "Nevertheless, it marked the beginning" -- significance; closing.

Q28. Correct Order: Q S P R T

Q introduces the Middle East's geopolitical importance -- opening.
S "One of the primary reasons is its vast reserves" -- explains why.
P "These reserves hold" -- "These reserves" refers to petroleum reserves in S.
R "Control over these resources has often led to conflicts" -- consequence.
T "International diplomacy continues" -- current response; closing.

Q29. Correct Order: Q P R S T

Q introduces Lata Mangeshkar by full name and birth -- opening.
P "She started learning music at the age of five" -- early life.
R "Her melodious voice earned her the title" -- recognition.
S "Over a career spanning more than seven decades" -- career summary.
T "She was honoured with the Bharat Ratna" -- highest honour; closing.

Q30. Correct Order: Q P S R T

Q introduces yoga with its origin -- opening.
P "Yoga combines physical postures" -- describes what yoga involves.
S "It has gained immense popularity worldwide" -- global spread.
R "In 2015, the United Nations declared" -- specific milestone.
T "This global recognition reflects" -- commentary on the milestone; closing.

Q31. Correct Order: R Q P S T

R defines gravitational waves -- opening (definition/concept).
Q "In 2015, scientists at LIGO detected" -- specific detection event.
P "This discovery confirmed" -- "This discovery" refers to the detection in Q.
S "The detection opened up" -- significance of the discovery.
T "The researchers were awarded the Nobel Prize" -- recognition; closing.

Q32. Correct Order: Q S P R T

Q defines deserts -- opening.
S "Temperatures can be extreme" -- describes a harsh condition.
P "The soil in these regions" -- another harsh condition; "these regions" refers to deserts.
R "Despite these harsh conditions" -- "these harsh conditions" summarises S and P.
T "Cacti, for example" -- specific example of adaptation mentioned in R; closing.

Scoring Guide:

28--32 correct: Excellent -- you are exam-ready.

22--27 correct: Good -- revise connector words and pronoun-reference techniques.

16--21 correct: Average -- re-read the Concepts file and practise more.

Below 16: Needs work -- study the concepts thoroughly and solve easier sets first.